本気を出さない人は、何を守っているのか——セルフハンディキャッピングが能力を測れなくするまで

関連概念

• セルフハンディキャッピング（Self-Handicapping）：評価前に障害を作る、または主張し、失敗・成功の帰属を動かせる状態を作ること。
• 自己価値理論（Self-Worth Theory）：達成場面で能力評価と自己価値が結びつく仕組みを扱う理論。
• 自己呈示（Self-Presentation）：他者が自分をどう見るかを調整しようとする行動。
• 先延ばし（Procrastination）：不利益を予想しながら、意図した行動を不必要に遅らせること。セルフハンディキャッピングと重なる場合はあるが同義ではない。
• 失敗恐怖（Fear of Failure）：失敗に伴う恥、評価低下、将来損失などへの予期。セルフハンディキャッピングとの関連が報告されている。
• 達成目標理論（Achievement Goal Theory）：能力を伸ばす、示す、低能力に見られることを避ける、といった達成場面の目標を区別する。
• 帰属理論（Attribution Theory）：成功や失敗の原因を、能力、努力、状況、偶然などへどう割り当てるかを扱う。

参考文献

1. Berglas, S., & Jones, E. E. (1978). Drug choice as a self-handicapping strategy in response to noncontingent success. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 36(4), 405–417.
2. Jones, E. E., & Berglas, S. (1978). Control of attributions about the self through self-handicapping strategies: The appeal of alcohol and the role of underachievement. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 4(2), 200–206.
3. Leary, M. R., & Shepperd, J. A. (1986). Behavioral self-handicaps versus self-reported handicaps: A conceptual note. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1265–1268.
4. Hirt, E. R., Deppe, R. K., & Gordon, L. J. (1991). Self-reported versus behavioral self-handicapping: Empirical evidence for a theoretical distinction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(6), 981–991.
5. Tice, D. M., & Baumeister, R. F. (1990). Self-esteem, self-handicapping, and self-presentation: The strategy of inadequate practice. Journal of Personality, 58(2), 443–464.
6. Rhodewalt, F., Morf, C., Hazlett, S., & Fairfield, M. (1991). Self-handicapping: The role of discounting and augmentation in the preservation of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61(1), 122–131.
7. Feick, D. L., & Rhodewalt, F. (1997). The double-edged sword of self-handicapping: Discounting, augmentation, and the protection and enhancement of self-esteem. Motivation and Emotion, 21, 147–163.
8. McCrea, S. M., & Hirt, E. R. (2001). The role of ability judgments in self-handicapping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27(10), 1378–1389.
9. Elliot, A. J., & Church, M. A. (2003). A motivational analysis of defensive pessimism and self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 71(3), 369–396.
10. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: A meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65–94.
11. Zuckerman, M., Kieffer, S. C., & Knee, C. R. (1998). Consequences of self-handicapping: Effects on coping, academic performance, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1619–1628.
12. Zuckerman, M., & Tsai, F.-F. (2005). Costs of self-handicapping. Journal of Personality, 73(2), 411–442.
13. Schwinger, M., Wirthwein, L., Lemmer, G., & Steinmayr, R. (2014). Academic self-handicapping and achievement: A meta-analysis. Journal of Educational Psychology, 106(3), 744–761.
14. Schwinger, M., Trautner, M., Pütz, N., Fabianek, S., Lemmer, G., Lauermann, F., & Wirthwein, L. (2022). Why do students use strategies that hurt their chances of academic success? A meta-analysis of antecedents of academic self-handicapping. Journal of Educational Psychology, 114(3), 576–596.
15. Clarke, I. E., & MacCann, C. (2016). Internal and external aspects of self-handicapping reflect the distinction between motivations and behaviours: Evidence from the Self-Handicapping Scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 100, 6–11.